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1.
Rev. Hosp. Ital. B. Aires (2004) ; 40(3): 95-104, sept. 2020. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1128985

ABSTRACT

La relación entre inmunidad y cáncer es compleja. Las células tumorales desarrollan mecanismos de evasión a las respuestas del sistema inmunitario. Esta capacidad permite su supervivencia y crecimiento. La inmunoterapia ha transformado el tratamiento oncológico mejorando la respuesta inmunitaria contra la célula tumoral. Esta se basa en el bloqueo de los puntos de control inmunitario mediante anticuerpos monoclonales contra la molécula inhibidora CTLA-4 (antígeno 4 del linfocito T citotóxico [CTLA-4]) y la proteína 1 de muerte celular programada y su ligando (PD-1/PD-L1). Aunque los inhibidores de los puntos de control inmunitario (ICIs) son fármacos bien tolerados, tienen un perfil de efectos adversos conocido como eventos adversos inmunorrelacionados (EAI). Estos afectan varios sistemas, incluyendo las glándulas endocrinas. Los eventos adversos endocrinos más frecuentes son la disfunción tiroidea, la insuficiencia hipofisaria, la diabetes mellitus autoinmune y la insuficiencia suprarrenal primaria. El creciente conocimiento de estos efectos adversos endocrinos ha llevado a estrategias de tratamiento efectivo con el reemplazo hormonal correspondiente. El objetivo de esta revisión es reconocer la incidencia de estas nuevas endocrinopatías, la fisiopatología, su valoración clínica y el manejo terapéutico. (AU)


The relationship between immunity and cancer is complex. Tumor cells develop evasion mechanisms to the immune system responses. This ability allows their survival and progression. Immunotherapy has transformed cancer treatment by improving the immune response against tumor cells. This is achieved by blocking immune checkpoints with monoclonal antibodies against cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death protein 1 and its ligand (PD-1 / PD-L1). Although the immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are well tolerated drugs, they have a profile of adverse effects known as immune-related adverse events (irAES). These involve diverse systems, including the endocrine glands. The most frequent endocrine immune-related adverse events are thyroid and pituitary dysfunction, autoimmune diabetes mellitus and primary adrenal insufficiency. The increasing knowledge of these irAES has led to effective treatment strategies with the corresponding hormonal replacement. The objective of this review is to recognize the incidence of these new endocrinopathies, the physiopathology, their clinical evaluation, and therapeutic management. (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Endocrine System Diseases/chemically induced , Immunotherapy/adverse effects , Thyroid Diseases/diagnosis , Thyroid Diseases/chemically induced , Thyroid Diseases/pathology , Thyroid Diseases/therapy , Thyroxine/administration & dosage , Triiodothyronine/therapeutic use , Adrenal Cortex Hormones/administration & dosage , Adrenal Insufficiency/diagnosis , Adrenal Insufficiency/chemically induced , Adrenal Insufficiency/pathology , Adrenal Insufficiency/therapy , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/diagnosis , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/chemically induced , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/therapy , Endocrine System Diseases/diagnosis , Endocrine System Diseases/physiopathology , Endocrine System Diseases/therapy , Hypophysitis/diagnosis , Hypophysitis/chemically induced , Hypophysitis/pathology , Hypophysitis/therapy , Glucocorticoids/administration & dosage , Insulin/therapeutic use , Methimazole/therapeutic use , Mineralocorticoids/therapeutic use , Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use , Neoplasms/immunology
2.
Arch. endocrinol. metab. (Online) ; 60(6): 562-572, Nov.-Dec. 2016. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-827785

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Objective To compare the effects of a unique fixed combination levothyroxine/liothyronine (LT4/LT3) therapy in patients with primary hypothyroidism. Subjects and methods This is a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Adults with primary hypothyroidism (n = 32, age 42.6 ± 13.3, 30 females) on stable doses of LT4 for ≥ 6 months (125 or 150 μg/day) were randomized to continue LT4 treatment (G1) or to start LT4/LT3 therapy (75/15 μg/day; G2). After 8 weeks, participants switched treatments for 8 more weeks. Thyroid function, lipid profile, plasma glucose, body weight, electrocardiogram, vital signs, and quality of life (QoL) were evaluated at weeks 0, 8 and 16. Results Free T4 levels were significantly lower while on LT4/LT3 (G1: 1.07 ± 0.29 vs. 1.65 ± 0.46; G2: 0.97 ± 0.26 vs. 1.63 ± 0.43 ng/dL; P < 0.001). TSH and T3 levels were not affected by type of therapy. More patients on LT4/LT3 had T3 levels above the upper limit (15% vs. 3%). The combination therapy led to an increase in heart rate, with no significant changes in electrocardiogram or arterial blood pressure. Lipid profile, body weight and QoL remained unchanged. Conclusions The combination therapy yielded significantly lower free T4 levels, with no changes in TSH or T3 levels. More patients on LT4/T3 had elevated T3 levels, with no significant alterations in the evaluated outcomes. No clear clinical benefit of the studied formulation could be observed. Future trials need to evaluate different formulations and the impact of the combined therapy in select populations with genetic polymorphisms.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Thyroxine/therapeutic use , Triiodothyronine/therapeutic use , Hypothyroidism/drug therapy , Quality of Life , Thyroid Function Tests , Thyroxine/blood , Thyroxine/pharmacology , Triiodothyronine/blood , Triiodothyronine/pharmacology , Blood Glucose/analysis , Body Weight/drug effects , Thyrotropin/drug effects , Cholesterol/blood , Double-Blind Method , Cross-Over Studies , Drug Combinations , Hypothyroidism/blood
3.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 133(9): 1116-1119, sept. 2005. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-429252

ABSTRACT

Conflicting results have recently been published about the benefits of combined thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) in treating hypothyroid patients. However these studies may have been underpowered to detect differences in psychological well-being specifically related to thyroxine replacement. We conducted a large, double-blind, randomized controlled trial of partial substitution of 50 microg of T4 by 10 microg of T3 (T3) vs placebo (T4 alone - 50 microg of T4 replaced) in 697 hypothyroid patients. Thyroid function showed a rise in the TSH (132%), a fall in Free T4 (35%, P <0.001) and unchanged basal Free T3 levels (P=0.92). At 3 months there was a large (39%) ®placebo effect¼ improvement in ®psychiatric caseness¼ defined by the General Health Questionnaire 12 score (GHQ 12) in the control group compared with baseline and this was sustained at 12 months. Differences vs the intervention (T3) group were more modest with improvements in GHQ caseness (OR - 0.61; 95% CI: 0.42, 0.90; P=0.01) and HADS anxiety scores at 3 months (P <0.03) but not GHQ Likert scores, HADS depression, thyroid symptoms or visual analog scales of mood and the initial differences were lost at 12 months. These results may be consistent with a subgroup of patients showing transient improvement following partial substitution with T3 but do not provide conclusive evidence of specific benefit from partial substitution of T4 by T3 in patients on thyroxine replacement. They also emphasize the large and sustained ®placebo effect¼ that can follow changes in thyroid hormone administration.


Subject(s)
Humans , Evidence-Based Medicine , Hormone Replacement Therapy/methods , Hypothyroidism/drug therapy , Thyrotropin/blood , Thyroxine/therapeutic use , Triiodothyronine/therapeutic use , Hypothyroidism/psychology , Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic/standards , Thyroxine/blood , Treatment Outcome , Triiodothyronine/blood
4.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 49(2): 308-313, abr. 2005. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-409738

ABSTRACT

Uma mulher de 49 anos, em tratamento de hipotireoidismo com levotiroxina, após diagnóstico de tireoidite de Hashimoto e tireoidectomia total para bócio multinodular atóxico, foi avaliada devido a hipotireoidismo persistente apesar do uso de altas doses de levotiroxina (600æg/dia). Clinicamente, a paciente apresentava sinais e sintomas de hipotireoidismo, e os exames laboratoriais mostravam tiroxina livre de 0,20ng/dL; hormônio tireoestimulante de 351æUI/mL; triiodotironina total de 27ng/dL. Foi confirmada a não aderência ao tratamento e considerados os diagnósticos de sindrome de Munchausen e transtorno factício, levando ao quadro de pseudomalabsorcão de levotiroxina.


Subject(s)
Middle Aged , Humans , Female , Factitious Disorders/diagnosis , Hypothyroidism/drug therapy , Malabsorption Syndromes/diagnosis , Thyroxine/therapeutic use , Diagnosis, Differential , Treatment Refusal , Thyrotropin/blood , Triiodothyronine/therapeutic use
5.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 132(11): 1413-1424, nov. 2004. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-391848

ABSTRACT

For more than 40 years thyroid hormones and mood disorders have been associated. Some psychiatric symptoms are produced by thyroid illnesses and there is a frequent association of thyroid dysfunction with mood disorders. Therefore, routine thyroid function assessment in patients with mood disorders and the treatment of sub-clinical thyroid dysfunctions is recommended. The usefulness of adding thyroid hormones to antidepressive treatment in euthyroid patients to obtain a potentiation effect has been probed repeatedly. The most common strategy is potentiation with T3, but high doses of T4 have been also used in patients with resistant depression. Thyroid hormones exert their action in the central nervous system through a variety of mechanisms: modulation of gene expression of several groups of proteins, some of them with known physiopathological implications in mood disorders and the influence over serotonin and noradrenergic neurotransmission, known to be one of the modes of action of antidepressants. Finally, it is also important to stress the complex relationship between psychiatric drugs, deiodinases and thyroid hormones, that can potentially help to understand the mechanisms of action of these drugs.


Subject(s)
Humans , Central Nervous System/drug effects , Hypothyroidism/drug therapy , Mood Disorders/drug therapy , Thyroxine/therapeutic use , Triiodothyronine/therapeutic use
6.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 44(1): 95-102, fev. 2000. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-259835

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: Determinar a eficácia e tolerabilidade de 4 substâncias calorigênicas: ioimbina, triiodotironina (T3), combinação efedrina-aminofilina e fenilpropanolamina (FPA). Material, Métodos e Desenho da Pesquisa: 103 mulheres obesas (30 < BMI < 40kg/m 2 ), de 18 a 55 anos, foram submetidas a estudo cego comparativo das 4 substâncias associadas a uma dieta com 1.200 calorias (55 por cento HC, 30 por cento gordura e 15por cento proteínas). As doses utilizadas foram 8mg de ioimbina, 25mcg de T3, 100mg de aminofilina + 25mg de efedrina e 25mg de FPA. Foi ainda incluído um grupo placebo. Os 4 medicamentos e o placebo foram dados 3 vezes ao dia, antes do desjejum, do almoço e do jantar. O estudo se realizou num período de 12 semanas, para cada paciente e no início e o fim do mesmo foram avaliados peso, composição corpórea por bioimpedância, metabolismo de repouso (por calorimetria), pulso e pressão arterial e eventos adversos. Resultados: Houve perda de peso em todos os grupos, mas o único que perdeu peso significativamente em relação ao grupo placebo foi o que recebeu FPA (p < 0,05). Não houve diferença quanto à composição corpórea e metabolismo de repouso entre os 5 grupos. Conclusão: Em nossa amostra, a FPA se revelou mais eficaz, embora este fato não possa ser atribuído a uma maior queima energética em repouso, já que não houve diferença apreciável no metabolismo de repouso entre os grupos.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists/therapeutic use , Aminophylline/therapeutic use , Ephedrine/therapeutic use , Obesity/drug therapy , Phenylpropanolamine/therapeutic use , Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Triiodothyronine/therapeutic use , Double-Blind Method , Drug Combinations , Prospective Studies , Time Factors , Treatment Outcome , Weight Loss/drug effects
7.
J. bras. psiquiatr ; 42(3): 170-6, abr. 1993.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-154170

ABSTRACT

Neste estudo, abordamos a dificuldades diagnósticas e terapêuticas da depressåo refratária. Destacamos as dificuldades metodológicas das pesquisas realizadas neste domínio, assim como os principais fármacos que têm sido tentados nesta indicaçåo. Entre eles, podemos destacar os tratamentos classicos por antidepressivos tricíclicos, IMAOS, lítio e ECT, assim como recursos os antiepiléticos, hormônios tireoidianos, agentes serotoninérgicos e bloqueadores de cálcio. Pesquisas futuras, provavelmente, esclareceråo os numerosos pontos que necessitam ser elucidados, para maior benefício do paciente que sofre de depressåo


Subject(s)
Humans , Antidepressive Agents/therapeutic use , Depressive Disorder/drug therapy , Drug Resistance , Anticonvulsants/therapeutic use , Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic/therapeutic use , Calcium Channel Blockers/therapeutic use , Carbamazepine/therapeutic use , Electroconvulsive Therapy , Thyroid Hormones/therapeutic use , Lithium/therapeutic use , Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Triiodothyronine/therapeutic use
8.
Rev. Col. Bras. Cir ; 18(4): 115-9, jul.-ago. 1991. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-108449

ABSTRACT

Os autores estudaram, prospectivamente, 41 casos de paci-entes submetidos a laringectomias ou faringolaringectomias com o objetivo deavaliar os efeitos do uso da triiodotironina na incidencia de complicaçoes lo- cais pos-operatorias. Os casos foram divididos de forma randomizada em 22 pacientes para o grupo-controle e 19 pacientes para o grupo experimental. Os dois gru-pos foram avaliados quanto a idade,estadiamento da lesao, tipo de cirurgia e exames pre-operatorios; tendo sido considerados comparaveis. As complicaçoes locaisforam avaliadas de forma qualitativa em necrose, infecçao e fistula; e de forma quantitativa em uma escala de uma a tres cruzes conforme a magnitude do processoDos pacientes do grupo-controle, 15(68%) tiveram algum tipo de complicaçao localcontra apenas 6 (32%) pacientes do grupo experimental. Alem disso, houve diferença favoravel ao grupo ewxperimental em relaçao a intensidade dos processos. Con-clui-se que a administraçao pos-operatoria de triiodotironina reduz pela metadea incidencia e diminui a intensidade das complicaçoes locais pos-operatorias em pacientes submetidos a laringectomias e faringolaringectomias


Subject(s)
Laryngectomy , Pharyngectomy , Triiodothyronine/administration & dosage , Hypothyroidism , Triiodothyronine/therapeutic use
9.
Rev. psiquiatr. Rio Gd. Sul ; 8(1): 12-6, abr. 1986.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-37490

ABSTRACT

Trata-se de uma revisäo da literatura, visando determinar a validade do uso da farmacoterapia na síndrome de autismo. É avaliada também a metodologia clínica dos trabalhos originais sobre o assunto, na tentativa de se exprimir um posicionamento bem próximo da verdade atual sobre farmacoterapia nesta síndrome. Os diferentes autores propöem a utilizaçäo de diversos fármacos (triiodotironina, piridoxina, sulpiride, drogas antipsicóticas e fenfluramine) no autismo. Entretanto, somente o haloperidol demonstrou efetivamente em estudes clínicos bem conduzidos; sendo que sua eficácia restringe-se à diminuiçäo de sintomas alvo, especialmente isolamento e estereotipias.


Subject(s)
Humans , Autistic Disorder/drug therapy , Pyridoxine/therapeutic use , Sulpiride/therapeutic use , Antipsychotic Agents/therapeutic use , Triiodothyronine/therapeutic use , Fenfluramine/therapeutic use
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